Canadian clinical trial registry

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Study Description

Patients with relapsed or refractory leukemia often develop resistance to chemotherapy and some patients who relapse following CD19 directed therapy relapse with CD19 negative leukemia. For this reason, the investigators are attempting to use T-cells obtained directly from the patient, which can be genetically modified to express two chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). One is to recognize CD19 and the other is to recognize CD22, both of which are proteins expressed on the surface of the leukemic cell in patients with CD19+CD22+ leukemia. The CAR enables the T-cell to recognize and kill the leukemic cell through recognition of CD19 and CD22. This is a phase 1 study designed to determine the safety of the CAR+ T-cells and the feasibility of making enough to treat patients with CD19+CD22+ leukemia.

Inclusion Criteria

• First 2 subjects: male and female subjects age ≥18 and < 27 years (as of 2/16/18 the first 2 subjects were enrolled and treated); subsequent subjects: male and female subjects age ≥12 months of age and <27 years.
• Diagnosis of CD19+22+ leukemia

• Disease status:

  • If post allogeneic HCT: Confirmed CD19+CD22+ leukemia recurrence defined as at least 0.01% disease following allogeneic HCT
  • If relapse/refractory status with no prior history of allogeneic HCT, one of the following:
  • Second or greater marrow relapse, with or without extramedullary disease
  • First marrow relapse at end of first month or re-induction with marrow having at least 0.01 % blasts by morphology and/or MPF
  • Primary refractory as defined as greater than 5% blasts by multi-parameter flow after at least 2 separate induction regimens.
  • Subject has indication for HCT but has been deemed ineligible, inclusive of persistent MRD prior to HCT
• Asymptomatic from CNS involvement, if present, and in the opinion of the Principal Investigator with a reasonable expectation that disease burden can be controlled in the interval between enrollment and T-cell infusion. Subjects with significant neurologic deterioration will not be eligible for T-cell infusion until stabilized.
• Free from active GVHD and off immunosuppressive GVHD therapy for 4 weeks prior to enrollment
• Lansky or Karnofsky performance score of at least 50
• Life expectancy of at least 8 weeks
• Recovered from acute toxic effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy
• At least 7 days post last chemotherapy administration (excluding intrathecal maintenance chemotherapy)
• At least 7 das post last systemic corticosteroids administration (unless physiologic replacement dosing)
• No prior genetically modified cell therapy that is still detectable or virotherapy
• Adequate organ function
• Adequate laboratory values
• Willing to participate in long-term follow-up for up to 15 years, if enrolled in the study and receive T cell infusion
• Patients of childbearing/fathering potential must agree to use highly effective contraception from the time of initial T cell infusion through 12 months following the last T cell infusion

Exclusion Criteria

• Presence of active clinically significant CNS dysfunction
• Pregnant or breast-feeding
• Unable to tolerate apheresis procedure
• Presence of active malignancy other than CD19+CD22+ leukemia
• Presence of active severe infection
• Presence of any concurrent medical condition that, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator, would prevent the patient from undergoing protocol-specified therapy

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Centres

Study Description

The purpose of Phase 1b of this study is to:

• Asses the safety, tolerability and activity of carfilzomib, alone and in combination with induction chemotherapy, in children with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
• Determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and to recommend a phase 2 dose of carfilzomib in combination with induction chemotherapy.

The purpose of Phase 2 of this study is to compare the rate of complete response (CR) of carfilzomib in combination with vincristine, dexamethasone, PEG asparaginase, daunorubicin (VXLD) at the end of induction therapy to an appropriate external control.

Inclusion Criteria

Phase 1b Key Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 21 years or younger at the time of initial ALL diagnosis and age > 1 year at the time of study treatment initiation.

2. Subjects must have a diagnosis of relapsed or refractory ALL with ≥ 5% blasts in the bone marrow (M2 or M3 disease), with or without extramedullary disease.

   -To be eligible, subjects must have had 1 or more prior therapeutic attempts, defined as:

   • Early first relapse (< 36 months from original diagnosis) after achieving a CR (B-ALL) or first relapse any time following the original diagnosis after achieving a CR (T-ALL)
   • First refractory bone marrow relapse occurring any time after original diagnosis after achieving a CR (ie, ≥1 failed attempt to induce a second remission) OR
   • Relapse after achieving a CR following the first or subsequent relapse (i.e., ≥ 2 relapses) OR
   • Failing to achieve a CR from original diagnosis after at least 1 induction attempt
3. Subjects must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all previous chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy treatment before enrollment.
4. Subjects must have a serum creatinine level that is ≤ 1.5 × institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) according to age. If serum creatinine level is > 1.5 × ULN, the subject must have a calculated creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 70 mL/min/1.73 m2.

5. Adequate liver function, defined as both of the following:

   • Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 × institutional ULN except in the presence of Gilbert Syndrome
   • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 5 × institutional ULN
6. Performance status: Karnofsky or Lansky scores ≥ 50 for subjects > 16 years old or ≤ 16 years old, respectively.

Phase 2 Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subject's legally acceptable representative has provided informed consent when the subject is legally too young to provide informed consent and the subject has provided written assent based on local regulations and/or guidelines prior to any study-specific activities/procedures being initiated.
2. Age ≥ 1 month to < 21 years. Subjects ≥ 18 years must have had their original diagnosis at < 18 years of age.
3. Subjects must be diagnosed with relapsed or refractory relapsed ALL.
4. Subjects must have a documented first remission, ≤ 5% blasts in the bone marrow (M1 bone marrow) and no evidence of extramedullary disease.

5. T-cell ALL with bone marrow relapse (defined as ≥ 5% leukemia blasts in bone marrow) or refractory relapse with or without extramedullary disease.

   OR B-cell ALL bone marrow relapse or refractory relapse (defined as ≥ 5% leukemia blasts in bone marrow) after having received a targeted B-cell immune therapy as treatment for a prior relapse (eg, blinatumomab, inotuzumab or a CAR-T therapy) with or without extramedullary disease. Subjects that receive blinatumomab for treatment of MRD positive disease during first remission do not qualify.

6. Adequate liver function: bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 5 x ULN.
7. Adequate renal function: serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x ULN or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 70 ml/min/1.73m^2; or for children < 2 years of age ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73m^2.
8. Adequate cardiac function: shortening fraction > 30% or ejection fraction ≥ 50%.
9. Karnofsky (subjects ≥ 16 years of age) or Lansky (subjects 12 months to < 16 years of age) performance status ≥ 50%.
10. Subjects must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all previous chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy treatment before enrollment (for example: recovery from gastrointestinal toxicity may occur more rapidly than less reversible organ toxicities such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome or non-infectious pneumonitis, for serious prior toxicities recommended discussion with Amgen medical monitor).
11. Life expectancy of ≥ 6 weeks per investigator's judgement at time of screening.

Exclusion Criteria

Phase 1b Key Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known allergy to any of the drugs used in the study (Subjects who have had a previous allergy to PEG-asparaginase and if able, may receive Erwinia asparaginase at the investigator's discretion)
2. Known allergy to Captisol (a cyclodextrin derivative used to solubilize carfilzomib)
3. Left ventricular fractional shortening < 30%
4. History of ≥ Grade 2 pancreatitis
5. Active graft-versus-host disease requiring systemic treatment
6. Positive culture for or other clinical evidence of infection with bacteria or fungus within 14 days of the initiation of study treatment
7. Down Syndrome

8. Prior therapy restrictions:

   • Subjects must have completed therapy with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or other myeloid growth factors at least 7 days before study treatment initiation, or at least 14 days before study treatment initiation, if pegylated myeloid growth factors were administered.
   • Subjects must have completed any type of active immunotherapy (e.g., tumor vaccines) at least 42 days before study treatment initiation.
   • Subjects must have received the last dose of a non-monoclonal antibody biologic agent at least 7 days before study treatment initiation.
   • At least 3 antibody half-lives must have elapsed since the last dose of monoclonal antibody (e.g., 66 days for rituximab and 69 days for epratuzumab) before subjects may initiate study treatment.
   • Subjects must not have received other antineoplastic agents with therapeutic intent, excluding hydroxyurea and antimetabolites administered as part of maintenance chemotherapy, within 7 days prior to study treatment initiation.
9. Hepatitis B infection with positive hepatitis B DNA

Phase 2 Exclusion Criteria:

1. Prior treatment with carfilzomib.
2. Prior treatment with a proteasome inhibitor (other than carfilzomib) within < 3 months of enrollment or to which a subject did not respond (response is defined as bone marrow with < 5% blasts).
3. Treatment with a chemotherapy regimen including a vinca alkaloid, steroid, L-asparaginase, and anthracycline combination with or without other chemotherapy agents within 2 months of enrollment (eg VXLD, VPLD, R3).
4. Intolerance, hypersensitivity, or inability to receive any of the chemotherapy components of the VXLD regimen. An exception is allowed for allergy to asparaginase products if Erwinia Asparaginase is unable to be administered, or if PEG-Asparaginase or Erwinia Asparaginase are not available in the country, these subjects may still be included.
5. Autologous HSCT within 6 weeks prior to start of study treatment.
6. Allogeneic HSCT within 3 months prior to start of study treatment.
7. Active GVHD requiring systemic immune suppression.
8. < 30 days from discontinuation of immune suppressive therapy administered for the treatment of acute or chronic GVHD.
9. Isolated extramedullary relapse.
10. Positive bacterial or fungal infection within 14 days of enrollment (except for documented line infection, line has been removed, and blood culture after line removal is negative for 5 days prior to first dose of induction therapy). Antibiotics may be administered for prophylaxis as per institutional standards up to and after enrollment.
11. < 3 antibody half-lives since the last dose of monoclonal antibody (eg, 66 days for rituximab, 69 days for epratuzumab, inotuzumab for 36 days), prior to first dose of investigational product.
12. Cell-based immunotherapy (eg, donor leucocyte infusion, CAR-T cells, tumor vaccines) within 42 days prior to first dose of investigational product. If the Amgen medical monitor agrees, an exception may be granted to the 42-day requirement for subjects with rapidly rising peripheral or bone marrow blast counts.
13. Down's syndrome.
14. Presence of another active cancer.
15. History of grade ≥ 2 pancreatitis within 6 months to screening.
16. Unresolved toxicities from prior anticancer therapy, defined as not having resolved to CTCAE version 4.03 grade 1 or to levels dictated in the eligibility criteria apart from alopecia or toxicities from prior anticancer therapy that are considered irreversible and do not trigger another exclusion criterion (defined as having been present and stable for > 4 weeks).
17. Antitumor therapy (chemotherapy, investigational agents, molecular-targeted therapy) within 7 days of day 1 of induction. Exception: hydroxyurea to control peripheral blood leukemic cell counts is allowed until start of investigational product.
18. Active viral infection, including but not limited to CMV, Hepatitis B infection with positive serum hepatitis surface antigen or hepatitis B DNA, HIV, Hepatitis C with detectable hepatitis C RNA.
19. Currently receiving treatment in another investigational device or product study, or < 14 days since ending treatment on another investigational device or product study.
20. Uncontrolled arrhythmias or screening ECG with corrected QT interval (QTc) of > 470 msec.
21. History or evidence of any other clinically significant disorder, condition or disease (with the exception of those outlined above) that, in the opinion of the investigator or Amgen physician, if consulted, would pose a risk to subject safety or interfere with the study evaluation, procedures or completion.
22. Female subject is pregnant or breastfeeding or planning to become pregnant or breastfeed during treatment and for an additional months after the last dose of any study treatment or for 12 months after last dose of cyclophosphamide if administered during optional consolidation cycle.
23. Female subjects of childbearing potential unwilling to use 1 highly effective method of contraception during treatment and for an additional 12 months after the last dose of any study treatment. Refer to Section 28 for additional contraceptive information.
24. Female subjects of childbearing potential with a positive pregnancy test assessed at Screening by a serum or urine pregnancy test.
25. Male subjects with a female partner of childbearing potential who are unwilling to practice sexual abstinence (refrain from heterosexual intercourse) or use a condom with spermicide during treatment and for an additional 6 months after the last dose of any study treatment, even if they have undergone a successful vasectomy.
26. Male subjects with a pregnant partner who are unwilling to practice abstinence or use a condom with spermicide during treatment, for duration of pregnancy, and for an additional 6 months after the last dose of any study treatment.
27. Male subjects unwilling to abstain from donating semen or sperm during treatment and for an additional 6 months after the last dose of any study treatment.

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Centres

Study Description

Brief Summary:

Children and adults diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma patients with primary refractory disease or incomplete response to salvage treatment in bone and/or bone marrow will be treated for up to 101 weeks with naxitamab and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Patients will be followed for up to five years after first dose.

Naxitamab, also known as hu3F8 is a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting GD2

Detailed Description:

Each patient will receive treatment for up to 101 weeks following the first Naxitamab administration. After the end of trial visit, each patient will enter a long-term follow-up where they will be monitored for up to 5 years after first treatment cycle.

Each investigational cycle is started with 5 days, days -4 to 0, of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) administered at 250 µg/m2/day in advance of the start of Naxitamab administration. GM-CSF is thereafter administered at 500 µg/m2/day on days 1 to 5. As standard treatment, Naxitamab is administered at 3 mg/kg/day on days 1, 3, and 5, totalling 9 mg/kg per cycle.

Treatment cycles are repeated every 4 weeks (±1 week) until complete response or partial response followed by 5 additional cycles every 4 weeks (±1 week). Subsequent cycles are repeated every 8 weeks (±2 weeks) through 101 weeks from first infusion at the discretion of the investigator. End of treatment will take place around 8 weeks after the last cycle and thereafter long-term follow-up will continue.

Inclusion Criteria

• Diagnosis of neuroblastoma as defined per International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria
• High-risk neuroblastoma patients with either primary refractory disease or incomplete response to salvage treatment (in both cases including stable disease, minor response and partial response) evaluable in bone and/or bone marrow.
• Life expectancy ≥ 6 months

Exclusion Criteria

• Any systemic anti-cancer therapy, including chemotherapy or immunotherapy, within 3 weeks before 1st dose of GM-CSF
• Evaluable neuroblastoma outside bone and bone marrow
• Existing major organ dysfunction > Grade 2, with the exception of hearing loss, hematological status, kidney and liver function
• Active life-threatening infection

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Centres

Study Description

This study will compare three treatment regimens containing metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and compare their effects on tumor response and associated side effects, to determine if one therapy is better than the other for people diagnosed with relapsed or persistent neuroblastoma.

(From NANT website - https://www.nant.org/n2011-01/)

The purpose of this study is to compare three different treatments using the investigational medicine called ¹³¹I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG).  MIBG is taken up by neuroblastoma tumor cells, and can be combined together with radioactive iodine ¹³¹ in the laboratory to form the radioactive compound ¹³¹I-MIBG. The ¹³¹I-MIBG compound delivers radiation treatment when it is taken up by neuroblastoma cancer cells throughout the body.   Although testing in laboratories has found that adding other agents can improve the response of neuroblastoma tumor cells to 131 I-MIBG, it is not known if adding other agents to the 131 I-MIBG will increase the number of tumors in patients that will respond to the therapy.  

The three treatment arms on this study are:  1) 131 I-MIBG alone, 2) 131 I-MIBG with Irinotecan and Vincristine, or 3) 131 I-MIBG with Vorinostat.  Patients on all treatment arms will receive autologous (their own) stem cells as part of this therapy.  All three 131 I-MIBG treatment regimens have already been used for the treatment of neuroblastoma and shown tumor responses, and their tolerated doses have been determined.  This study will compare the number of tumor responses seen with each of the three different treatment arms.

Once patients are registered on this study, they will be randomly assigned to one of the three treatment arms.  Random assignment means that the assignment is based on chance. It is like a flip of a coin, and assignment is done by a computer. Neither patients nor their physicians will choose the treatment. All patients will have an equal chance of being assigned to each of the three treatment arms. A total of 105 patients are expected to enroll on this study. There will be 35 patients on each treatment arm.

Inclusion Criteria

• Patients must be > 24 months and < 30 years of age when registered on study.
• Patients must have relapsed neuroblastoma, refractory neuroblastoma that had less than a partial response to standard treatment or persistent neuroblastoma that had at least a partial response to frontline therapy frontline therapy with > 3 residual lesions on end-induction MIBG scan.
• Patients must have evidence of MIBG uptake into tumor at ≥ one site within 4 weeks prior to entry on study and subsequent to any intervening therapy.
• Patients must have adequate heart, kidney, liver and bone marrow function. Patients who have bone marrow disease must still have adequate bone marrow function to enter the study.
• Patients must have a dose of unpurged peripheral blood stem cells is 2.0 x 106 viable CD34+ cells/kg available.

Exclusion Criteria

• They have had previous I-131 MIBG therapy
• They have other medical problems that could get much worse with this treatment.
• They are pregnant or breast feeding.
• They have a history of a venous or arterial thrombosis that was not associated to a central line.
• They have active infections such as hepatitis or fungal infections.
• They have active diarrhea.
• They have had an allogeneic stem cell transplant (received stem cell from someone else)
• They can't cooperate with the special precautions that are needed for this trial.

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Centres

Study Description

Brief Summary:

This phase I/II trial studies the side effects and best dose of nivolumab when given with or without ipilimumab to see how well they work in treating younger patients with solid tumors or sarcomas that have come back (recurrent) or do not respond to treatment (refractory). Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as nivolumab and ipilimumab, may help the body's immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. It is not yet known whether nivolumab works better alone or with ipilimumab in treating patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors or sarcomas.

Detailed Description:

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Determine the tolerability, and define and describe the toxicities of nivolumab administered as a single agent in children with relapsed or refractory solid tumors at the adult recommended dose of 3 mg/kg.

II. Determine if systemic nivolumab exposure in children is similar to the systemic exposure in adults following a 3 mg/kg dose.

III. Determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and define and describe the toxicities of nivolumab plus ipilimumab administered to children with relapsed or refractory solid tumors.

IV. Assess antitumor effects of nivolumab across selected childhood solid tumors in seven expansion cohorts (Parts B1-B6, B8); neuroblastoma (2 cohorts: measurable disease, metaiodobenzylguanidine [MIBG] positive only non-measurable disease), osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

V. Assess antitumor effects of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab across selected childhood solid tumors in two dose combinations (Part D and Part E).

VI. Characterize the pharmacokinetics of nivolumab alone and in combination with ipilimumab, including area under the curve (AUC), concentration maximum (Cmax), concentration minimum (Cmin), using intensive sampling.

VII. Assess immunogenicity of nivolumab alone and in combination with ipilimumab by measuring anti-drug antibody (ADA) levels.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. Conduct exploratory studies of the phenotypic and functional effects of nivolumab (alone and in combination with ipilimumab), as well as changes in antibodies to previously vaccinated viruses, in serum samples.

II. Explore whether correlations exist between PD-L1 expression on tumor and antitumor effects of nivolumab (alone and in combination with ipilimumab) in pediatric solid tumors and to conduct exploratory studies of potential tumor associated biomarkers of response in tumor tissue (at least five out of the following markers: NRAS, BRAF, MEK, KIT, PDGF, TP53, RB1 and BRCA1, Akt phosphorylation, IL-17 or PD-L1).

III. Explore presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and their association with antitumor effects of nivolumab (alone and in combination with ipilimumab).

IV. Conduct exploratory studies of the effect of nivolumab (alone or in combination with ipilimumab) on cytokine levels in serum samples.

V. For Part E, determine tumor mutational burden of diagnostic specimens using FoundationOneCDx testing to explore immune- related gene expression or mutation and its association with antitumor response to nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab.

OUTLINE: This is a phase I, dose-escalation study of nivolumab followed by a phase II study.

PART A (COMPLETED): Patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors receive nivolumab intravenously (IV) over 30 minutes on days 1 and 15. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

PART B (COMPLETED): Patients with neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or melanoma receive nivolumab as in Part A.

PART C (COMPLETED):

INDUCTION: Patients receive nivolumab IV over 60 minutes and ipilimumab IV over 90 minutes on day 1. Treatment repeats every 21 days for 4 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

MAINTENANCE: Patients receive nivolumab IV as in Part A. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

PART D (COMPLETED):

INDUCTION: Patients with neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, or melanoma receive nivolumab IV and ipilimumab IV as in Part C. Treatment repeats every 21 days for 4 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

MAINTENANCE: Patients receive nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 15. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

PART E: Patients receive nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on day 1 and ipilimumab IV over 90 minutes on day 1. Treatment repeats every 21 days for up to 4 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients then receive nivolumab IV over 30 minutes on days 1 and 15. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at approximately 100 days, every 6 months for up to 24 months, and then annually for up to 60 months.

Inclusion Criteria

• Parts A & C: patients must be >= 12 months and < 18 years of age at the time of study enrollment
• Parts B1-B6, B8, D1-D6, E3, E4: patients must be >= 12 months and =< 30 years of age at the time of study enrollment
• Part B7: patients must be >= 12 months and < 18 years of age at the time of study enrollment

• Patients must have had histologic verification of malignancy at original diagnosis or relapse

  • Parts A & C: patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors, without central nervous system (CNS) tumors or known CNS metastases, are eligible; note: CNS imaging for patients without a known history of CNS disease is only required if clinically indicated
  • Part B1: patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma
  • Part B2: patients with relapsed or refractory osteosarcoma
  • Part B3: patients with relapsed or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Part B4: patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma or peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)
  • Part B5: patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Part B6: patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Part B7: patients with unresectable melanoma or metastatic melanoma or relapsed melanoma or refractory melanoma
  • Part B8: Patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma (MIBG evaluable disease without Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] measurable lesion)
  • Once the dose-escalation portion of Part A is completed, cohorts that are open concurrently for eligible patients (including Parts B and C and potential pharmacokinetic [PK] expansion cohorts) may be selected at the treating physician's discretion pending slot availability; in the event a disease group cohort in Part B is completed after the initial stage of Simon's optimal two-stage design, for selected disease cohorts, a corresponding cohort in the same disease group for select disease types will be open in Part D:
  • Part D1: Patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma
  • Part D2: Patients with relapsed or refractory osteosarcoma
  • Part D3: Patients with relapsed or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Part D4: Patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma or peripheral PNET
  • Part D5: Patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • Part D6: Patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma (MIBG evaluable disease without RECIST measurable lesion)
  • Part E3: Patients with relapsed or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Part E4: Patients with relapsed or refractory Ewing sarcoma or peripheral PNET
• Parts A & C: patients must have either measurable or evaluable disease
• Parts B, D & E: patients must have measurable disease for Parts B1-B6, D1-D5, E3 and E4; melanoma patients in Part B7 must have either measurable or evaluable disease; neuroblastoma patients in Parts B8 and D6 must be evaluable for MIBG response without evidence of RECIST measurable lesions
• Patient's current disease state must be one for which there is no known curative therapy or therapy proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life
• Karnofsky >= 50% for patients > 16 years of age and Lansky >= 60 for patients =< 16 years of age; patients who are unable to walk because of paralysis, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score

• Patients must have fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior anti-cancer therapy and must meet the following minimum duration from prior anti-cancer directed therapy prior to enrollment; if after the required timeframe, the defined eligibility criteria are met, e.g. blood count criteria, the patient is considered to have recovered adequately

  • Cytotoxic chemotherapy or other anti-cancer agents known to be myelosuppressive

    • At least 21 days after the last dose of cytotoxic or myelosuppressive chemotherapy (42 days if prior nitrosourea)
  • Hematopoietic growth factors: At least 14 days after the last dose of a long-acting growth factor (e.g. pegfilgrastim) or 7 days for short-acting growth factor; for agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur; the duration of this interval must be discussed with the study chair
  • Anti-cancer agents not known to be myelosuppressive (e.g. not associated with reduced platelet or absolute neutrophil count [ANC] counts): At least 7 days after the last dose of agent
  • Interleukins, interferons and cytokines (other than hematopoietic growth factors): >= 21 days after the completion of interleukins, interferon or cytokines (other than hematopoietic growth factors)
  • Antibodies: >= 21 days must have elapsed from infusion of last dose of antibody, and toxicity related to prior antibody therapy must be recovered to grade =< 1
  • External beam radiation therapy (XRT)/external beam irradiation including protons: >= 14 days after local XRT; >= 150 days after total body irradiation (TBI), craniospinal XRT or if radiation to >= 50% of the pelvis; >= 42 days if other substantial bone marrow (BM) radiation.
  • Radiopharmaceutical therapy (e.g., radiolabeled antibody, 131I-MIBG): >= 42 days must have elapsed since systemically administered radiopharmaceutical therapy
  • Cellular therapy: >= 42 days must have elapsed since the completion of any type of cellular therapy (e.g. modified T cells, natural killer [NK] cells, dendritic cells, etc.)
  • Patients must not have received prior exposure to nivolumab; for patients enrolled in Parts C, D, and E patients must not have received prior nivolumab or ipilimumab
• For patients with solid tumors without known bone marrow involvement:
• Peripheral absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 750/mm^3
• Platelet count >= 75,000/mm^3 (transfusion independent, defined as not receiving platelet transfusions for at least 7 days prior to enrollment)
• Patients with known bone marrow metastatic disease will be eligible for study provided they meet the blood counts above (may receive transfusions provided they are not known to be refractory to red cell or platelet transfusions); these patients will not be evaluable for hematologic toxicity; at least 5 of every cohort of 6 patients with a solid tumor must be evaluable for hematologic toxicity, for Parts A and C; if dose-limiting hematologic toxicity is observed on either Part A or C, all subsequent patients enrolled must be evaluable for hematologic toxicity on that Part

• Creatinine clearance or radioisotope glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >= 70 ml/min/1.73 m^2 or a serum creatinine based on age/gender as follows:

  • Age 1 to < 2 years: maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL) 0.6 for males and females
  • Age 2 to < 6 years: 0.8 for males and females
  • Age 6 to < 10 years: 1 for males and females
  • Age 10 to < 13 years: 1.2 for males and females
  • Age 13 to < 16 years: 1.5 for males and 1.4 for females
  • Age >= 16 years: 1.7 for males and 1.4 for females
• Bilirubin (sum of conjugated + unconjugated) =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) for age
• Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) =< 135 U/L; for the purpose of this study, the ULN for SGPT is 45 U/L
• No evidence of dyspnea at rest, no exercise intolerance due to pulmonary insufficiency, and a pulse oximetry > 92% while breathing room air
• Serum lipase =< ULN at baseline; patients with glucose intolerance should be on a stable regimen and be monitored
• All patients and/or their parents or legally authorized representatives must sign a written informed consent; assent, when appropriate, will be obtained according to institutional guidelines
• Tissue blocks or slides must be sent for all patients; if tissue blocks or slides are unavailable, the study chair must be notified prior to enrollment

Exclusion Criteria

• Pregnant or breast-feeding women will not be entered on this study due to risks of fetal and teratogenic adverse events as there is yet no available information regarding human fetal or teratogenic toxicities; pregnancy tests must be obtained in girls who are post-menarchal; women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) receiving nivolumab will be instructed to adhere to contraception for a period of 5 months after the last dose of nivolumab; men receiving nivolumab and who are sexually active with WOCBP will be instructed to adhere to contraception for a period of 7 months after the last dose of nivolumab
• Patients requiring daily systemic corticosteroids are not eligible; patients must not have received systemic corticosteroids within 7 days prior to enrollment; if used to modify immune adverse events related to prior therapy, >= 14 days must have elapsed since last dose of corticosteroid; Note: use of topical or inhaled corticosteroids will not render a patient ineligible
• Patients who are currently receiving another investigational drug are not eligible
• Patients who are currently receiving other anti-cancer agents are not eligible
• Patients with CNS tumors or known CNS metastases will be excluded from this trial; patients with a history of CNS metastases that have been previously treated may enroll if sequential imaging shows not evidence for active disease; patients with extra axial disease (e.g. skull [bone] metastasis that do not invade the dura) may enroll if there is no evidence for CNS edema associated with the lesion
• Patients with a history of any grade autoimmune disorder are not eligible; asymptomatic laboratory abnormalities (e.g. antinuclear antibody [ANA], rheumatoid factor, altered thyroid function studies) will not render a patient ineligible in the absence of a diagnosis of an autoimmune disorder
• Patients with >= grade 2 hypothyroidism due to history of autoimmunity are not eligible; note: hypothyroidism due to previous irradiation on thyroidectomy will not impact eligibility
• Patients who have an uncontrolled infection are not eligible

• Patients with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) or are at risk because of underlying cardiovascular disease or exposure to cardiotoxic drugs must have adequate cardiac function as clinically indicated:

  • Corrected QT interval (QTC) =< 480 msec
  • Shortening fraction of >= 27% by echocardiogram or ejection fraction of >= 50% by gated radionuclide study
• Patients with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B or C are excluded
• Patients who have received prior solid organ transplantation are not eligible
• Patient who have received allotransplantation are not eligible
• Patients who in the opinion of the investigator may not be able to comply with the safety monitoring requirements of the study are not eligible
• Patients who have received prior anti-PD1 directed therapy (monoclonal antibody [mAb] or small molecule) are not eligible
• Parts C, D, and E: patients who have received prior ipilimumab are not eligible

Publications

Davis KL, Fox E, Merchant MS, Reid JM, Kudgus RA, Liu X, Minard CG, Voss S, Berg SL, Weigel BJ, Mackall CL. Nivolumab in children and young adults with relapsed or refractory solid tumours or lymphoma (ADVL1412): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Apr;21(4):541-550. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30023-1. Epub 2020 Mar 17.

Hattinger CM, Patrizio MP, Magagnoli F, Luppi S, Serra M. An update on emerging drugs in osteosarcoma: towards tailored therapies? Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2019 Sep;24(3):153-171. doi: 10.1080/14728214.2019.1654455. Epub 2019 Aug 14. Review.

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Centres

Study Description

This is a Phase I/II, multicenter, open-label, multi-arm study designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of idasanutlin, administered as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy or venetoclax, in pediatric and young adult participants with acute leukemias or solid tumors.

This study is divided into three parts: Part 1 will begin with dose escalation of idasanutlin as a single agent in pediatric participants with relapsed or refractory solid tumors to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)/maximum administered dose (MAD) and to characterize dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Following MTD/MAD identification, three separate safety run-in cohorts in neuroblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) will be conducted to identify the recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) of idasanutlin in each combination, with chemotherapy or venetoclax. Part 2 will evaluate the safety and early efficacy of idasanutlin in combination with chemotherapy or venetoclax in newly enrolled pediatric and young adult participants in neuroblastoma, AML,and ALL cohorts at idasanutlin RP2D. Part 3 will potentially be conducted as an additional expansion phase of the idasanutlin combination cohorts in neuroblastoma, AML, or ALL for further response and safety assessment.

Inclusion Criteria

• The participants ages are < 18 for part 1a, < 30 for Parts 1b. 2 and 3
• Study Part 1 (single-agent therapy dose escalation): histologically confirmed diagnosis of neuroblastoma or other solid tumor that has progressed or recurred despite standard therapy, and for which there is no therapy proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life
• Study Part 1 (combination safety run-in), Study Part 2 (initial expansion), and Study Part 3 (additional expansion): histologically confirmed diagnosis of neuroblastoma, AML, or precursor-B ALL that has progressed or recurred despite, or is refractory to, standard therapy
• Adequate performance status: Participants <16 years of age: Lansky ≥50%; Patients ≥16 years of age: Karnofsky ≥50%
• Adequate end-organ function, as defined in the protocol
• For females of childbearing potential: agreement to remain abstinent, use contraception, agreement to refrain from donating eggs. Females must remain abstinent or use two methods of contraception with a failure rate of <1% per year during the treatment and follow-up period (variable depending on the combination agent) or in accordance with national prescribing information guidance regarding abstinence, contraception
• For males: agreement to remain abstinent or use a condom, and agreement to refrain from donating sperm, with a female partner of childbearing potential or pregnant female partner, males must remain abstinent or use a condom during the treatment period and for follow-up period (variable, depending on the combination agent) or in accordance with national prescribing information guidance regarding abstinence, contraception

Additional Inclusion Criteria for Participants with Solid Tumors (including Neuroblastoma)

• At least one evaluable or measurable radiological site of disease as defined by standard criteria for the participant's tumor type, or measurable bone marrow disease by morphology
• Adequate hematologic end-organ function, as defined in the protocol
• Tumor tissue from relapsed disease

Additional Inclusion Criteria for Patients with Leukemia

• Bone marrow with ≥5% lymphoblasts by morphologic assessment at screening
• Available bone marrow aspirate or biopsy from screening

Exclusion Criteria

• Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors
• Symptomatic CNS metastases that result in a neurologically unstable clinical state or require increasing doses of corticosteroids or local CNS-directed therapy to control the CNS disease
• CNS3 leukemia
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia
• White blood cell count >50 × 10^9 cells/Liter (L)
• Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, history of severe aplastic anemia, or any known bone marrow failure predisposition syndrome
• Burkitt-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia
• Prior treatment with a MDM2 antagonist
• Prior treatment with venetoclax (if potential for enrollment in a venetoclax arm)
• Infection considered by the investigator to be clinically uncontrolled or of unacceptable risk to the participant
• Any uncontrolled medical condition or other identified abnormality that precludes the patient's safe participation in and completion of the study
• Systemic anticancer therapy within 28 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is shorter, prior to initiation of study treatment
• Treatment with monoclonal antibodies, antibody drug conjugates, or cellular therapy for anti-neoplastic intent within 30 days prior to initiation of study treatment
• I-131 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy within 6 weeks prior to initiation of study treatment
• Myeloablative therapy with autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell rescue within 100 days of study treatment initiation
• Immunosuppressive therapy for treatment of graft-versus-host disease within 2 weeks of study treatment initiation
• Radiotherapy within 3 weeks prior to study treatment initiation
• Specific restrictions are applicable for patients treated with drugs interacting with CYP2C8, CYP3A4, OATP1B1/B3, and P-gp
• Received anti-coagulant or anti-platelet agent within 7 days or 5 half-lives prior to study treatment initiation
• Underwent major surgical procedure within 21 days of study treatment initiation, or anticipate need for major surgical procedure during the course of the study

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Centres

Study Description

Brief Summary:

This single site, single-arm, non-randomized, dose escalation phase I toxicity clinical trial will assess primarily the safety and secondarily the efficacy of episcleral topotecan in patients with active residual or recurrent intraocular retinoblastoma in at least one eye following completion of first-line therapy.

Detailed Description:

Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric malignant intraocular tumour and originates from the retina. Treatment of eyes with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma remains a challenge. The historic standard of care for patients with unilateral disease is enucleation and for those with bilateral disease, a variety of modalities have been tried. These include radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy, periocular administration of chemotherapy, selective intra-arterial chemotherapy, and intravitreal chemotherapy. Unfortunately, all of these modalities are associated with significant morbidity and investigators are looking for new ways to treat these patients either with novel directed drug delivery methods or with new less toxic agents. This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of topotecan delivered directly to the eye using a novel sustained-release topotecan episcleral plaque (also referred to as a Chemoplaque) in patients with active residual or recurrent intraocular retinoblastoma in at least one eye following completion of first-line therapy. The study intervention involves the insertion and removal of the Chemoplaque, examinations under anaesthesia (EUAs), visits to clinic to monitor for adverse events throughout, and post plaque removal toxicity evaluation. EUAs, clinic visits and laboratory tests are standard of care for retinoblastoma patients.

Inclusion Criteria

1. Age. Participants must be <18 years of age.
2. Diagnosis and Treatment. Participants must have: (i) active residual or recurrent intraocular retinoblastoma in at least one eye following completion of first-line therapy (chemotherapy, systemic or intra-arterial, focal therapy or brachytherapy) or (ii) unilateral Group D retinoblastoma at diagnosis with no previous treatment.
3. One eye will be the Study Eye. When participants have two eyes with retinoblastoma, the eye with worst disease or best vision potential will be designated the Study Eye. There will only be one eye per child treated in this Phase I study, since treatment of two eyes would double the systemic dose of drug. The Non-study eye will be treated by standard of care, with only focal therapy during the Study Period, if required.
4. Disease status. Study eye must have vision potential and no clinical features suggestive of high risk of extraocular extension.
5. Performance status. Lansky play score ≥ 50 if <16 years of age; Karnofsky performance scale of ≥ 50 if ≥16 years of age (Appendix I)

6. Organ function:

   1. Adequate bone marrow function and platelet count
   2. Adequate renal function
   3. Adequate liver function
7. Pregnancy prevention. Females of reproductive potential must agree to the use of highly effective contraception during study participation and for an additional 40 days after the end of the Chemoplaque administration
8. Informed consent. All participants and/or their parents or legally authorized representatives must have the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent. Assent, where appropriate, will also be obtained.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Disease status. Participants known to have any of the following:

   1. tumour involving the optic nerve rim
   2. clinical or EUA evidence of extraocular extension
   3. evidence of metastatic retinoblastoma
   4. existing neuroimaging showing suspicion of, or definitive, optic nerve invasion, trilateral retinoblastoma or extra-ocular extension.
2. Allergy. Participants with reported allergy to topotecan, camptothecin or derivatives thereof.
3. Concomitant treatment. Participants may not receive chemotherapy or other focal retinoblastoma therapy or any other investigational agent within 3 weeks of the placement and removal of the Chemoplaque, nor while the Chemoplaque is in situ.
4. Uncontrolled intercurrent illness. Participants with known uncontrolled intercurrent illness that, in the investigator's opinion, would put the participant at undue risk or limit compliance with the study requirements.
5. Febrile illness. Participants with clinically significant febrile illness (as determined by the investigator) within one week prior to initiation of protocol therapy.
6. Pregnancy and lactation. Females of reproductive potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to initiation of protocol therapy. Due to the unknown but potential risk for adverse events (AEs) in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with the study agents, breastfeeding must be discontinued if the mother is treated on study.
7. Compliance. Any condition of diagnosis that could in the opinion of the Principal Investigator or delegate interfere with the participant's ability to comply with the study instruction, might confound the interpretation of the study results, or put the participant at risk.